The Role of Religions in Preventing World Wars

Document Type : Original Article

Author

PhD, University of Regensburg, Germany.‎

Abstract

This text examines the complex and ambivalent role of religion in historical and contemporary global conflicts, particularly focusing on the mechanisms through which religions have influenced the prevention of world wars and promoted peace. The global landscape features over 4,500 religions, with Christianity and Islam as the largest. Religions shape moral norms, communal behavior, and both positive and negative social outcomes. While religion is often linked with violence, the relationship is multifaceted. Statistical analyses show religious conflicts may initially appear more intense, but deeper integration of the religious context often diminishes this correlation. Religion can be both a divider and connector in conflicts. Religious leaders and institutions are recognized as “religious diplomats,” offering spirituality-based mediation and reconciliation. The text explores interreligious dialogue (IRD) as a transformative tool, emphasizing pluralism, meaningful conversations, restorative justice, and the importance of listening. Examples include cooperation after the 2011 tsunami in Japan and ecumenical initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Clergy and lay believers can mitigate conflict and aid reconciliation. Their spiritual authority, ability to mobilize, and unique resources (prayer, forgiveness, scriptural legitimacy) are highlighted, though their impact is difficult to quantify. Faith-based diplomacy is presented as a distinct field, emphasizing the necessity of integrating political and theological approaches. The document acknowledges issues such as the difficulty of measuring religious peacebuilding, the slow pace of change, and the influence of populism, nationalism, and fundamentalism.

Keywords


Abu Nimer, M. & Alabbadi, A. (2017). Interreligious Dialogue Resource Guide. Vienna: KAICIID.
Bercovitch, J. & Jackson, R. (1997). International Conflict Management, 1945-1995: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and their Management. Washington: Congressional Quarterly.
Bercovitch, J. & Kadayifci-Orellana, A. (2009). Religion and Mediation: The Role of Faith-Based Actors in International Conflict Resolution. International Negotiations, 14(1). pp. 175-204. DOI:10.1163/157180609X406562.
Bokern, F.; Lemmetynen, S.; Legrand, V.; & Marechal, B. (2009). From Dialogue to Peacebuilding? Perspectives for the Engagement of Religious Actors by the European Union and the European People’s Party. Louvain: Centre for European Studies.
Chiwetalu Ossai, E. (2019). The Relevance of Interreligious Collaboration in Peacebuilding. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 3(4), pp. 265-269.
Cox, A; Nozell, M, & Alhaji Buba, I. (2017). Implementing UNSCR 2250. Youth and Religious Actors Engaging for Peace. United States Institute of Peace Special Report.
Dubensky, J. S. (ed.). (2016). Peacemakers in Action: Volume 2: Profiles in Religious Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frazer, O. & Friedli, R. (2015). Approaching Religion in Conflict Transformation: Concepts, Cases and Practical Implications. Zürich: Center for Security Studies.
Galtung, J. (2007). Introduction: peace by peaceful conflict transition – the TRANSCEND approach. In: Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan (eds). Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. Oxon and New York: Routledge, pp. 14-32.
Gopin, M. (1997). Religion, Violence, and Conflict Resolution. Peace and Change. A Journal of Peace Research, 22(1), pp. 1-31.
Graf, W., Kramer G., & Nicolescou, A. (2007). Counselling and training for conflict transformation and peace-building: the TRANSCEND approach. In: Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan (eds). Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. Oxon and New Yourk: Routledge, pp. 123-141.
Greenhill, K. & Major, S. (2006). The Perils of Profiling: Civil War Spoilers and the Collapse of Intrastate Peace Accords. International Security, 31(3), pp. 7-40.
Horowitz, S. (2007). Mediation. In: Webel, Charles and Galtung, Johan (eds) Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. Oxon and New York: Routledge, pp. 51-62.
Isaacs, W. (1999). Dialogue and the Art of Thinking Together. New York: Doubleday.
Lederach, J.P. (1998). Building Peace. Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington D.C.: United States Institute for Peace Press.
Mavelli, L., and Petito, F. (2014). Towards a Postsecular International Politics: New Forms of Community, Identity, and Power. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
McAllister, I. & White, S. (2007). Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Post-Communist Societies. Party Politics, 13(2), 197-216.
Merdjanova, I. & Brodeur, P. (2009). Religion as a Conversation Starter. Interreligious Dialogue for Peacebuilding in the Balkans. London and New York: Continuum.
Michon, N. (2019). Spiritual Care in Japan After the Tsunami. Retrieved from. https://www.gtu.edu/news/spiritual-care-japan-after-tsunami.
Pearce, S. (2005). Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Religious Conflicts. Terrorism and Political Violence, 17(3), pp. 333-352. DOI:10.1080/09546550590929237.
Stedman, S.J. (1997). Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. International Security, 22(2), pp. 5-53. DOI: 10.2307/2539366.
Zehr, H. (2002). The Little Book of Restorative Justice. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.